2

Я выдал команду dd, чтобы обнулить мой жесткий диск. Команда выполнена успешно, но только часть жесткого диска была перезаписана:

mint@mint ~ $ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda
dd: writing to ‘/dev/sda’: Input/output error
258416001+0 records in
258416000+0 records out
132308992000 bytes (132 GB) copied, 3741.09 s, 35.4 MB/s

Ниже показана конфигурация жесткого диска:

mint@mint ~ $ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x8f45867a

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Заметки:

  1. Я воссоздал таблицу разделов после того, как выполнил команду dd. Вот почему таблица разделов появляется.
  2. На жестком диске имеются поврежденные сектора, 200 из которых находятся в состоянии ожидания. Я ввел команду dd для принудительного перераспределения этих плохих секторов.
  3. Скорость записи кажется хорошей и составляет 34 МБ / с, и поэтому я хотел бы установить Linux на раздел, расположенный за изношенной частью диска. Меня не волнует потеря данных, так как я не планирую хранить какие-либо ценные данные на жестком диске.
  4. Несмотря на плохие сектора, команда dd не привела к ошибке ввода-вывода.

вывод smartctl :

mint@mint ~ $ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda 
smartctl 6.2 2013-07-26 r3841 [x86_64-linux-3.13.0-37-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-13, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family:     Western Digital Scorpio Black
Device Model:     WDC WD3200BEKT-75PVMT0
Serial Number:    WD-WXC1A2127646
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 6abb45855
Firmware Version: 01.01A01
User Capacity:    320,072,933,376 bytes [320 GB]
Sector Size:      512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate:    7200 rpm
Device is:        In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is:   ATA8-ACS (minor revision not indicated)
SATA Version is:  SATA 2.6, 3.0 Gb/s
Local Time is:    Sat Jun 13 05:27:23 2015 UTC
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: FAILED!
Drive failure expected in less than 24 hours. SAVE ALL DATA.
See vendor-specific Attribute list for failed Attributes.

General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status:  (0x00) Offline data collection activity
                    was never started.
                    Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status:      (   0) The previous self-test routine completed
                    without error or no self-test has ever 
                    been run.
Total time to complete Offline 
data collection:        ( 5760) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities:            (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
                    Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
                    Suspend Offline collection upon new
                    command.
                    Offline surface scan supported.
                    Self-test supported.
                    Conveyance Self-test supported.
                    Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities:            (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
                    power-saving mode.
                    Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability:        (0x01) Error logging supported.
                    General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time:    (   2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:    (  60) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time:    (   5) minutes.
SCT capabilities:          (0x7035) SCT Status supported.
                    SCT Feature Control supported.
                    SCT Data Table supported.

SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME          FLAG     VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE      UPDATED  WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
  1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate     0x002f   200   200   051    Pre-fail  Always       -       0
  3 Spin_Up_Time            0x0027   163   160   021    Pre-fail  Always       -       816
  4 Start_Stop_Count        0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       1156
  5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct   0x0033   133   133   140    Pre-fail  Always   FAILING_NOW 561
  7 Seek_Error_Rate         0x002e   100   253   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
  9 Power_On_Hours          0x0032   073   073   000    Old_age   Always       -       19736
 10 Spin_Retry_Count        0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032   100   100   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
 12 Power_Cycle_Count       0x0032   099   099   000    Old_age   Always       -       1151
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate      0x0032   001   001   000    Old_age   Always       -       2733
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       64
193 Load_Cycle_Count        0x0032   137   137   000    Old_age   Always       -       191394
194 Temperature_Celsius     0x0022   105   090   000    Old_age   Always       -       38
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032   194   194   000    Old_age   Always       -       6
197 Current_Pending_Sector  0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable   0x0030   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count    0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate   0x0008   100   253   000    Old_age   Offline      -       0
240 Head_Flying_Hours       0x0032   074   074   000    Old_age   Always       -       19078
241 Total_LBAs_Written      0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       37643305479
242 Total_LBAs_Read         0x0032   200   200   000    Old_age   Always       -       31320890404
254 Free_Fall_Sensor        0x0032   197   197   000    Old_age   Always       -       3

SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 48 (device log contains only the most recent five errors)
    CR = Command Register [HEX]
    FR = Features Register [HEX]
    SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
    SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
    CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
    CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
    DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
    DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
    ER = Error register [HEX]
    ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.

Error 48 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19723 hours (821 days + 19 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  01 51 08 81 1d 67 ef  Error: AMNF 8 sectors at LBA = 0x0f671d81 = 258416001

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  c8 00 08 80 1d 67 ef 00      00:36:32.852  READ DMA
  ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:32.852  SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature]
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:32.850  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:32.850  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 47 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19723 hours (821 days + 19 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 08 81 1d 67 ef  Error: UNC 8 sectors at LBA = 0x0f671d81 = 258416001

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  c8 00 08 80 1d 67 ef 00      00:36:31.120  READ DMA
  ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:31.119  SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature]
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:31.118  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:31.118  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 46 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19723 hours (821 days + 19 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 08 81 1d 67 ef  Error: UNC 8 sectors at LBA = 0x0f671d81 = 258416001

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  c8 00 08 80 1d 67 ef 00      00:36:29.389  READ DMA
  ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:29.389  SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature]
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:29.387  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:29.387  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 45 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19723 hours (821 days + 19 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 08 81 1d 67 ef  Error: UNC 8 sectors at LBA = 0x0f671d81 = 258416001

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  c8 00 08 80 1d 67 ef 00      00:36:27.657  READ DMA
  ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:27.657  SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature]
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:27.655  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:27.655  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

Error 44 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 19723 hours (821 days + 19 hours)
  When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.

  After command completion occurred, registers were:
  ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
  -- -- -- -- -- -- --
  40 51 08 81 1d 67 ef  Error: UNC 8 sectors at LBA = 0x0f671d81 = 258416001

  Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
  CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC   Powered_Up_Time  Command/Feature_Name
  -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --  ----------------  --------------------
  c8 00 08 80 1d 67 ef 00      00:36:25.926  READ DMA
  ef 10 02 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:25.926  SET FEATURES [Enable SATA feature]
  ec 00 00 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:25.924  IDENTIFY DEVICE
  ef 03 46 00 00 00 a0 00      00:36:25.924  SET FEATURES [Set transfer mode]

SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         8         -
# 2  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         8         -
# 3  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         8         -
# 4  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         8         -
# 5  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         8         -
# 6  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         8         -
# 7  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         7         -
# 8  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         7         -
# 9  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -
#10  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -
#11  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -
#12  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -
#13  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -
#14  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -
#15  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -
#16  Short offline       Completed without error       00%         1         -

SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
 SPAN  MIN_LBA  MAX_LBA  CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
    1        0        0  Not_testing
    2        0        0  Not_testing
    3        0        0  Not_testing
    4        0        0  Not_testing
    5        0        0  Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
  After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.

3 ответа3

7

Я видел, что то же самое происходит из-за записей, проходящих через кеш. По умолчанию dd write системные вызовы по 512 байт за раз. Это проходит через слой кэша, работающий с блоками по 4096 байт. Но базовый носитель по-прежнему использует 512-байтовые сектора.

Поэтому, когда dd выполняет системный вызов write , ядро загрузит 4096-байтовый блок с диска, чтобы изменить 512 байт и записать его обратно. Когда это происходит, происходит сбой этапа чтения, поэтому ядро никогда не доходит до этапа записи.

То, как я обошел это, - это обойти кеш. Указание oflag=direct обходит уровень кэширования для операций записи. Так как это может привести к значительному снижению производительности, я использовал его только для записи одного плохого сектора, используя seek=(offset) и count=1 .

6

На выходе dd четко указано, что произошла ошибка ввода / вывода. Возможно, базовый диск не может перераспределить резервный сектор или произошел сбой неисправимым способом (например, потеря связи SATA).

Попробуйте выполнить команду ddrescue, введя следующую команду: ddrescue /dev/zero /dev/sda -f -D . Это что-то меняет?

3

Чтобы заставить dd игнорировать ошибки:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda conv=noerror,sync

Поочередно используйте ddrescue, который имеет это поведение по умолчанию.

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